How phones work in flight
Diposkan oleh Maestro Goberan on Tuesday, April 15, 2014
New reports claim cell towers recorded the phone of the co-pilot of MH 370
There are a number of factors that determine if and when phones can work from airplanes
Location, speed, on-board technology and altitude could all affect cell service in the air
(CNN) -- The lack of phone calls, texts or social media postings from missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 has raised a number of questions about how cell phones work on airplanes. A U.S. official told CNN a cell tower in Penang, Malaysi detected the co-pilot's cell phone searching for service before the flight vanished.
Here's a quick primer on how and when phones can make a connection from the air:
How high in the air can a cell phone work?
Despite the urgings of flight crews to turn off all phones or put them in airplane mode, cell phones can continue to work after a plane takes off, but only while in range of a cellular tower.
Cell phones communicate through cell towers, which are located on the ground but can stretch hundreds of feet into the air. As an airplane rises, it gets further from these towers and eventually moves out of contact range. For efficiency, many towers are designed to direct their signal where its most useful: on the ground, not into the sky above.
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MH370 co-pilot's cell phone was on
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Why were no calls made from Flight 370?
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MH370: Why AUV ended search early?
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A towed pinger locator is readied to be deployed on April 7 off the deck of the Australian vessel Ocean Shield in the search for the missing jet's flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder.
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Capt. Mark Matthews of the U.S. Navy talks to reporters in Perth on April 7 about the search.
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Members of the Royal New Zealand Air Force monitor data April 4 on board an aircraft during search operations.
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Kojiro Tanaka, head of the Japanese coast guard search mission, explains the efforts en route to the search zone April 1.
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An underwater search-surveying vehicle sits on the wharf in Perth, Australia, ready to be fitted to a ship to aid in the search for the jet.
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A teary-eyed woman listens from the back as other relatives of Flight 370 passengers speak to reporters March 30 in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. Dozens of anguished Chinese relatives demanded that Malaysia provide answers to the fate of those on board.
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An object floating in the southern Indian Ocean is seen from a Royal New Zealand Air Force P-3K2 Orion aircraft searching for the missing jet on Saturday, March 29. Ships participating in the search retrieved new debris Saturday, but no objects linked to the missing plane, according to Australian authorities.
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The sole representative for the families of Flight 370 passengers leaves a conference at a Beijing hotel on Friday, March 28, after other relatives left en masse to protest the Malaysian government's response to their questions.
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Flight Lt. Jayson Nichols looks at a map aboard a Royal Australian Air Force aircraft during a search on March 27.
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People in Kuala Lumpur light candles during a ceremony held for the missing flight's passengers on March 27.
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Crew members of the Chinese icebreaking ship Xuelong scan the Indian Ocean during a search for the missing jet on Wednesday, March 26.
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People work at a console at the British satellite company Inmarsat on Tuesday, March 25, in London.
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The mother of a passenger who was on Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 cries at her home in Medan, Indonesia, on March 25.
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Australian Defense Minister David Johnston speaks to the media March 25 about the search for the missing jet.
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A family member of a missing passenger reacts after hearing the latest news March 25 in Kuala Lumpur.
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Angry relatives of those aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 react in Beijing on Monday, March 24, after hearing that the plane went down over the southern Indian Ocean, according to analysis of satellite data.
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Grieving relatives of missing passengers leave a hotel in Beijing on March 24.
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Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, center, delivers a statement about the flight March 24 in Kuala Lumpur. Razak's announcement came after the airline sent a text message to relatives saying it "deeply regrets that we have to assume beyond any reasonable doubt that MH 370 has been lost and that none of those onboard survived."
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A member of the Royal Australian Air Force looks out an aircraft during a search for the missing jet March 24.
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A woman reads messages for missing passengers at a shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur on March 24.
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Flight Lt. Josh Williams of the Royal Australian Air Force operates the controls of an AP-3C Orion on Sunday, March 23, after searching the southern Indian Ocean.
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Ground crew members wave to a Japanese Maritime Defense Force patrol plane as it leaves the Royal Malaysian Air Force base in Subang, Malaysia, on Sunday, March 23. The plane was heading to Australia to join a search-and-rescue operation.
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A passenger views a weather map in the departures terminal of Kuala Lumpur International Airport on Saturday, March 22.
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A Chinese satellite captured this image, released on March 22, of a floating object in the Indian Ocean, according to China's State Administration of Science. It is a possible lead in the search for the missing plane. Surveillance planes are looking for two objects spotted by satellite imagery in remote, treacherous waters more than 1,400 miles from the west coast of Australia.
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A member of the Royal Australian Air Force looks down at the Norwegian merchant ship Hoegh St. Petersburg, which took part in search operations Friday, March 21.
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The Royal Australian Air Force's Neville Dawson, left, goes over the search area with Brittany Sharpe aboard an AP-3C Orion some 2,500 kilometers (about 1,500 miles) southwest of Perth, Australia, over the Indian Ocean on March 21.
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Satellite imagery provided by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority on Thursday, March 20, shows debris in the southern Indian Ocean that could be from Flight 370. The announcement by Australian officials that they had spotted something raised hopes of a breakthrough in the frustrating search.
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A closer look at the satellite shot of possible debris from Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.
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Another satellite shot provided by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority shows possible debris from the flight.
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A closer look at the satellite shot of possible debris.
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The Australian Maritime Safety Authority's John Young speaks to the media in Canberra, Australia, on March 20 about satellite imagery.
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A distraught relative of a missing passenger breaks down while talking to reporters at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on Wednesday, March 19.
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A relative of missing passengers waits for a news briefing by officials in Beijing on Tuesday, March 18.
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A relative of a missing passenger tells reporters in Beijing about a hunger strike to protest authorities' handling of information about the missing jet.
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A member of Indonesia's National Search and Rescue Agency joins in a search for the missing plane in the Andaman
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Relatives of missing passengers watch a news program about the missing plane as they await information at a hotel ballroom in Beijing on March 17.
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Malaysian Transportation Minister Hishamuddin Hussein, center, shows maps of the search area at a hotel next to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport on March 17.
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U.S. Navy crew members assist in search-and-rescue operations Sunday, March 16, in the Indian Ocean.
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Indonesian personnel watch over high seas during a search operation in the Andaman Sea on Saturday, March 15.
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A foam plane, which has personalized messages for the missing flight's passengers, is seen at a viewing gallery March 15 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
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A member of the Malaysian navy makes a call as his ship approaches a Chinese coast guard ship in the South China Sea on March 15.
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Elementary school students pray for the missing passengers during class in Medan, Indonesia, on March 15.
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Col. Vu Duc Long of the Vietnam air force fields reporters' questions at an air base in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, after a search operation on Friday, March 14.
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Members of the Chinese navy continue search operations on Thursday, March 13. The search area for Flight 370 has grown wider. After starting in the sea between Malaysia and Vietnam, the plane's last confirmed location, efforts are expanding west into the Indian Ocean.
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A Vietnamese military official looks out an aircraft window during search operations March 13.
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Malaysian air force members look for debris on March 13 near Kuala Lumpur.
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A relative of a missing passenger watches TV at a Beijing hotel as she waits for the latest news March 13.
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A member of the Indonesian National Search and Rescue Agency scans the horizon in the Strait of Malacca on Wednesday, March 12.
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Journalists raise their hands to ask questions during a news conference in Sepang on March 12.
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A member of the Vietnamese air force checks a map while searching for the missing plane on Tuesday, March 11.
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Iranians Pouri Nourmohammadi, second left, and Delavar Seyed Mohammad Reza, far right, were identified by Interpol as the two men who used stolen passports to board the flight. But there's no evidence to suggest either was connected to any terrorist organizations, according to Malaysian investigators. Malaysian police believe Nourmohammadi was trying to emigrate to Germany using the stolen Austrian passport.
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An Indonesian navy crew member scans an area of the South China Sea bordering Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand on Monday, March 10.
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Vietnam air force Col. Le Huu Hanh is reflected on the navigation control panel of a plane that is part of the search operation over the South China Sea on March 10.
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Relatives of the missing flight's passengers wait in a Beijing hotel room on March 10.
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A U.S. Navy Seahawk helicopter lands aboard the USS Pinckney to change crews before returning to search for the missing plane Sunday, March 9, in the Gulf of Thailand.
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Members of the Fo Guang Shan rescue team offer a special prayer March 9 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
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A handout picture provided by the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency shows personnel checking a radar screen during search-and-rescue operations March 9.
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Italian tourist Luigi Maraldi, who reported his passport stolen in August, shows his current passport during a news conference at a police station in Phuket island, Thailand, on March 9. Two passengers on the missing Malaysia Airlines flight were reportedly traveling on stolen passports belonging to Maraldi and an Austrian citizen whose papers were stolen two years ago.
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Hugh Dunleavy, commercial director of Malaysia Airlines, speaks to journalists March 9 at a Beijing hotel where relatives and friends of the missing flight's passengers are staying.
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Vietnamese air force crew stand in front of a plane at Tan Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City on March 9 before heading out to the area between Vietnam and Malaysia where the airliner vanished.
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Buddhist monks at Kuala Lumpur International Airport offer a special prayer for the missing passengers on March 9.
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The Chinese navy warship Jinggangshan prepares to leave Zhanjiang Port early on March 9 to assist in search-and-rescue operations for the missing Malaysia Airlines flight. The Jinggangshan, an amphibious landing ship, is loaded with lifesaving equipment, underwater detection devices and supplies of oil, water and food.
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Members of a Chinese emergency response team board a rescue vessel at the port of Sanya in China's Hainan province on March 9. The vessel is carrying 12 divers and will rendezvous with another rescue vessel on its way to the area where contact was lost with Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.
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The rescue vessel sets out from Sanya in the South China Sea.
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A family member of missing passengers is mobbed by journalists at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on Saturday, March 8.
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A Vietnamese air force plane found traces of oil that authorities had suspected to be from the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, the Vietnamese government online newspaper reported March 8. However, a sample from the slick showed it was bunker oil, typically used to power large cargo ships, Malaysia's state news agency, Bernama, reported on March 10.
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Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, center, arrives to meet family members of missing passengers at the reception center at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on March 8.
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Malaysia Airlines official Joshua Law Kok Hwa, center, speaks to reporters in Beijing on March 8.
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A relative of two missing passengers reacts at their home in Kuala Lumpur on March 8.
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Wang Yue, director of marketing of Malaysia Airlines in China, reads a company statement during a news conference at the Metro Park Lido Hotel in Beijing on March 8.
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Chinese police at the Beijing airport stand beside the arrival board showing delayed Flight 370 in red on March 8.
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A woman asks a staff member at the Beijing airport for more information on the missing flight.
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A Malaysian man who says he has relatives on board the missing plane talks to journalists at the Beijing airport on March 8.
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Passengers walk past a Malaysia Airlines sign on March 8 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
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Malaysia Airlines Group CEO Ahmad Juahari Yahya, front, speaks during a news conference on March 8 at a hotel in Sepang. "We deeply regret that we have lost all contacts" with the jet, he said.
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Photos: The search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
The maximum distance at which a phone can still make calls and send texts varies depending on the type of tower and transmitter, but an airplane would have to be no more than 10,000 feet in the air for any cell phones on board to still have a signal, according to Bill Rojas, director of telecom research at IDC Asia Pacific.
It's not just altitude that can limit cell phone service.
When flying over sparsely populated rural areas, nearby towers are fewer and farther between. Over the open ocean, there are no towers at all with which to communicate, making phone calls, texts and social media posts impossible.
Speed can also make maintaining a cellular connection difficult, as a device has to switch from tower to tower to maintain a connection. Rojas told CNN that a plane would have to be going 155 miles per hour (250 kilometers per hour) or less for phones in cell-tower range to make or receive calls.
The metal body of an airplane can also impede cellular service.
What is airplane mode?
Airplane mode is a setting on smartphones and tablets that turns off most or all of a device's wireless communication features. This includes shutting down cellular connections, Wi-Fi, GPS and Bluetooth so that no calls, messages or data can be sent or received.
This setting has different names depending on the device and operating system, but is present on all smartphones.
Can a phone in airplane mode still communicate?
It is not possible to send or receive communications while in full airplane mode. On some phones, it is possible to turn Wi-Fi back on while in airplane mode to take advantage of any on-board wireless networks, or to reactivate Bluetooth to hook up to any compatible devices. Neither setting would communicate with a cell tower on the ground, though.
Are all phones on flights in airplane mode?
Up to 30% of all passengers reported forgetting to power down their devices when asked on airplanes, according a survey conducted last year by the Consumer Electronics Association.
It's likely that many passengers also forget to turn their phone to Airplane Mode when taking off and that all flights have a few cellular devices that can still search for towers.
Do phones communicate with towers when not in use?
A cell phone not set to airplane mode could still automatically connect to cellular base stations when in the proper range. Background phone tasks such as location services, e-mail and other things that push through notifications are always attempting to connect and send and receive information.
Any attempted connections or pings would be recorded by mobile operators.
Don't many airlines offer inflight Wi-Fi?
Some airplanes offer inflight wireless connections that can be used to connect to the Internet and make calls and send texts using services such as Skype and WhatsApp. There are different technologies for bringing Wi-Fi to airplanes.
Some use special mobile broadband cell towers on the ground that are flipped to point into the air. Satellite technology can be used to get signals where there are no ground towers.
If the inflight entertainment system is turned off, phones and other devices cannot use these wireless connections.
Aren't some flights going to allow calls in the air?
Recently, the FAA loosened its rules for using cellular devices on airplanes. Many airlines now allow you to use tablets and smartphones during take-off and landing as long as they are in airplane mode. It is also considering allowing cell phone calls in the air.
To make that possible, airplanes would need to be equipped with specialized miniature base stations called picocells. Those base stations would relay any cellular signals through satellites or cell towers on the ground that are already set up to work with airplanes.
READ: Co-pilot's cell phone was on, U.S. official says
READ: Why were there no phone calls from Malaysia Airlines Flight 370?
READ: How deep is deep? Imagining the MH370 search underwater
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